British Indian Army

The Indian Army was the principal army of India before independence from the United Kingdom in 1947. It was responsible for the defence of both British India and the Princely states, which could also have their own armies. 

The Indian Army was an important part of the British Empire's forces, both in India and abroad, particularly during the First World War and the Second World War.

The term "Indian Army" appears to have been first used informally, as a collective description of the Presidency armies (the Bengal Army, the Madras Army and the Bombay Army) of the Presidencies of British India, particularly after the Indian Rebellion. 

The first army officially called the "Indian Army" was raised by the government of India in 1895, existing alongside the three long-established presidency armies. 

However, in 1903 the Indian Army absorbed these three armies. The Indian Army should not be confused with the "Army of India" (1903–1947) which was the Indian Army itself plus the "British Army in India" (British units sent to India).

The Indian Army has its origins in the years after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, often called the Indian Mutiny in British histories, when in 1858 the Crown took over direct rule of British India from the East India Company. Before 1858, the precursor units of the Indian Army were units controlled by the Company and were paid for by their profits.

 These operated alongside units of the British Army, funded by the British government in London.

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Instagram -by Rudra Kaniya

Instagram is a mobile photo-sharing application and service that allows users to share pictures and videos either publicly or privately on the service, as well as through a variety of other social networking platforms, such as Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, and Flickr. Originally, a distinctive feature was that it confined photos to a square shape, similar to Kodak Instamatic and Polaroid SX-70 images, in contrast to the 4:3 aspect ratio typically used by mobile device cameras. In August 2015, version 7.5 was released for mobile devices, allowing users to upload media captured in any aspect ratio, but not at full size. Users can also apply various digital filters to their images. In June 2013, Instagram added support for videos, allowing prerecorded square standard definition resolution clips of up to 15 seconds to be shared; later updates introduced support for widescreen resolutions at 360p and longer recording times for either pre-recorded (up to one minute per video, or up to 10 minutes with a multi-video post) or disappearing live videos (up to one hour).

Instagram was created by Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger, and was launched in October 2010 as a free mobile app, exclusively for the iOS mobile platform via the Apple App Store, but was later released for Android devices two years later, on April 3, 2012. The service rapidly gained popularity, with over 100 million active users as of April 2012 and over 300 million as of December 2014. Support for the app is available for iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, Windows 10 devices and Android handsets, while third-party Instagram apps are available for BlackBerry 10 and Nokia-Symbian Devices.

The service was acquired by Facebook in April 2012 for approximately US$1 billion in cash and stock. In 2013, Instagram grew by 23%, while Facebook, as the parent company, only grew by 3%.

 By December 2010, Instagram had one million registered users. In June 2011, Instagram announced it had 5 million users and it passed 10 million in September of the same year. In April 2012, it was announced that over 30 million accounts were set up on Instagram. In December 2014, Instagram co-founder Kevin Systrom announced that Instagram has 300 million users accessing the site per month.

Instagram announced that 100 million photographs had been uploaded to its service as of July 2011. This total reached 150 million in August 2011. By May 2012, 58 photographs were being uploaded and a new user was being gained each second. The total number of photographs uploaded had exceeded one billion.

 Users can upload photographs and short videos, follow other users' feeds and geotag images with longitude and latitude coordinates, or the name of a location. Every year, Instagram released Top 10 Instagram geotagged locations in the world, in pictures. Users can connect their Instagram account to other social networking sites, enabling them to share uploaded photos to those sites. As of June 2013, users can connect their Instagram accounts to Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, and Flickr.

In 2012, Instagram created web profiles which allows users to use their Instagram account like a social media site. This gave users a web profile featuring a selection of recently shared photographs, biographical information, and other personal details. The web feed is a simpler version of the phone app, mimicking the look and feel users are already accustomed to.

DR. C.V. RAMAN -by Rudra Kaniya

C.V Raman went to Europe in 1921. He went there as a representative of Calcutta University to a science meet. He was the youngest scientist. He wondered why the water of Mediterranean sea was such  a dark shade of the blue. He was the man to give the answer to this simple question. For this he was awarded the Nobel Prize.

                        

Dr. Chandrasekhara Venkat Raman wae possibly the greatest physicist this country has produced. He was born in a South Indian Brahmin family in1888 at thiruvanaikkaval near Thiruchirapalli in Tamil Nadu. He was a brilliant student. He passed his Matriculation at the age of 11. He graduated from the Presidency Collage, Madras.He wanted to go abroad after his graduation. He was told by a British doctor that he would not be able to bear the hardship of the English weather. He completed his Master’s degree. He got a job in Calcutta as an assistant accountant general. But he continued to take a great deal of interest in science. He used to spend most of his time in the morning and evening in the laboratory of Indian Association for Cultivation of Science.After ten years of government service, Raman resigned the job to work as the professor of physics at Calcutta University, despite the fact that he got a lower salary. It was at the university that Raman did the most important research of his life. The world was quick to recognize the value of his achievements.When the Noble Prize was announced, he took it as a great achievement and reward for seven years of devoted work. Sitting in the crowded hall, he saw himself surrounded by the sea of western faces. He felt proud to represent his people and his country. He humbly received the prize from King Gustav. He turned round and saw the British Union Jack under which he had been sitting. He realized that his poor country India did not have a flag of her own. This made him break down. Tears started streaming down his face.Unit the day he died, he wore the traditional Indian turban in place of a European hat. During his visit to London, he went one evening to the Royal Institution to hear a lecture by Load Rutherford. As he arrived late, he sat in one of the back rows. Lord Rutherford saw him and asked him to come to the front. He went and sat in front with all the famous British scientist. It was his turban that made Rutherford recognize him as C.V. Raman. He was himself a brilliant speaker, and his speeches were laced with ready wit. He believed in the oneness of Nature and Science.He had experienced the pangs of poverty and misery. He knew the difficulties that most of the Indian graduates have to face. He urged them to remain confident and courageous under adverse circumstances so that they can finally achieve great things. Those who follow the path of endurance and sincerity of porous do not get disheartened. They make their way in life all right. The Noble Prize and other awards leave a bitter taste in the mouth, if we do not appreciate what we see around.Happiness does not consist in going to movies and watching thrilling films and technicolor dramas. Great things in life are the God given ones. These things cost nothing. Indian youth must have the desire to appreciate the God given things. Sights, sounds and scenes of Nature gives us joy if we have our minds and hearts open. We have to appreciate nature and her wonderful gifts and her great variety.C.V. Raman looked upon Science and Nature as one study of Science. It is a kind of worship of goddess of Nature of which we are a part. This was his confirmed belief which he followed to the end of his life. Man can be happy when he is able to appreciate nature and common people around him. The common things of life and their appreciation are the best sources of happiness in our life.C.V Raman explains the meaning of patriotism. He is of view that patriotism means the love of earth. We are of the earth. When we die we return to the earth. Whether we are cremated or buried, we get back to earth. Sita was of the earth and she returned to the earth. Our earth sustains all life on it. Dr. C.V. Raman urges Indian youth is particular to appreciate the meaning of love of earth to be able to make real progress. It is our duty to help fellow beings and we should not expect them to show any gratitude in return. We must go back to earth and take it as our duty to do something to produce the things we live on.Dr. C.V. Raman feels pleased to be able to speak to the youth men and women of India who are entering the pathway of life after completing their education in collage and universities. He does not want to inflict unwanted advice on them. He wants them to think over his suggestions. If they find his views to be useful, they must act seriously to overcome the hardship which are the common lot of the common masses in India today.Dr. C.V. Raman was showered with several honors, including Bharat Ratna in 1954. In 1924, he was made Fellow of the Royal Society, London. In 1924, he was awarded the Knighthood of British Government. In 1930, he was awarded the Noble Prize. He also won the International Lenin Prize in 1957, he was offered the Vice-President ship of India. He questioned, “What shall I do with the Ship?”Dr. C.V Raman served the cause of science to the best of his ability. He pursued the cause of research in India to last. He set up the Raman Research Institute. He breathed his last on 21 November,1970. He was cremated on the campus itself. A solitary tree stands near the place of his cremation.

Independence Day (India)

The national flag of India hoisted on the Red Fort in Delhi; hoisted flag is a common sight on public and private buildings on Independence Day.

Independence Day, (हिंदी= स्वतंत्रता दिवस) observed annually on 15 August, is a National Holiday in India commemorating the nation's independence from the British Empire on 15 August 1947. India attained independence following an Independence Movement noted for largely nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience led by the Indian National Congress (INC). Independence coincided with the partition of India, in which the British Indian Empire was divided along religious lines into the Dominions of India and Pakistan; the partition was accompanied by violent riots and mass casualties, and the displacement of nearly 15 million people due to sectarian violence. On 15 August 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru, who had become the first Prime Minister of India that day, raised the Indian national flag above the Lahori Gate of the Red Fort in Delhi. On each subsequent Independence Day, the prime minister has raised the flag and given a speech.^[1]

The holiday is observed throughout India with flag-hoisting ceremonies, parades and cultural events. Indians celebrate the day by displaying the national flag on their attire, accessories and homes; by listening to patriotic songs, watching patriotic movies; and bonding with family and friends. Books and films feature the independence and partition in their narrative. There has been threats of terrorist attack on and around 15 August by separatist and militant organisations.

History

European traders had established outposts on the Indian subcontinent by the 17th century. Through overwhelming military strength, the British East India company subdued local kingdoms and established themselves as the dominant force by the 18th century. Following the Rebellion of 1857, the Government of India Act 1858 led the British Crown to assume direct control of India. In the decades following, civic society gradually emerged across India, most notably the Indian National Congress Party, formed in 1885.^[4][5]:123 The period after World War I was marked by British reforms such as the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms, but it also witnessed the enactment of the repressive Rowlatt Act and calls for self-rule by Indian activists. The discontent of this period crystallized into nationwide non-violent movements of non-cooperation and civil disobedience, led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.